![]() ![]() In contrast, Suvira Jaiswal states that dasa tribes were integrated in the lineage system of Vedic traditions, wherein dasi putras could rise to the status of priests, warriors and chiefs as shown by the examples of Kaksivant Ausija, Balbutha, Taruksa, Divodasa and others. She states that the use of dasa (Sanskrit: दास) and dasi in later times were used as terms for male and female slaves. Upinder Singh states that the Rig Veda is familiar with slavery, referring to enslavement in course of war or as a result of debt. Slavery was "likely widespread by the lifetime of the Buddha and perhaps even as far back as the Vedic period", however he elaborates that the association of the Vedic Dasa with 'slaves' is "problematic and likely to have been a later development". Īccording to Scott Levi, it was likely an established institution in ancient India by the start of the common era based on texts such as the Arthashastra, the Manusmriti and the Mahabharata. The term dāsa in the Rigveda, has been also been translated as an enemy, but overall the identity of this term remains unclear and disputed among scholars. The term dāsa and dāsyu in Vedic and other ancient Indian literature has been interpreted by as "servant" or "slave", but others have contested such meaning. 2.3.69 " lusting for the slave", 2.4.24 " the concourse of ladies and slaves". ĭāsa are offered in examples of Pāṇini's, probably mid 4th century BCE, Sanskrit grammar, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, eg. The earliest surviving South Asian epigraphy, the mid 3rd Century BCE, Edicts of Ashoka, in Greek, Aramaic and Prakrit, independently identify obligations to slaves (Greek: δούλοις, Aramaic: עבד) and hired workers (Greek: μισθωτοῖς), later prohibiting the trading of Slaves within the Empire. Following the prohibition of European slave ownership, from the 1830s, more than a million substitute indentured Indian labourers (referred to as girmitiyas) would be recruited, over the following century, to five year bonded contracts, to labour in European colonies, established across Africa, the Indian Ocean, Asia, and the Americas, primarily on the previously slave labour dependent plantations and mines. Slavery was prohibited in the possessions of the East India Company by the Indian Slavery Act, 1843, in French India in 1848, British India in 1861, and Portuguese India in 1876. During the colonial era, Indians were taken into different parts of the world as slaves by various European merchant companies as part of the Indian Ocean slave trade. ![]() ![]() Slavery in India continued through the 18th and 19th centuries. The Portuguese imported Africans into their Indian colonies on the Konkan coast between about 15. Many slaves from the Horn of Africa were also imported into the Indian subcontinent to serve in the households of the powerful or the Muslim armies of the Deccan Sultanates and the Mughal Empire. According to Muslim historians of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire era, after the invasions of Hindu kingdoms, other Indians were taken as slaves, with many exported to Central Asia and West Asia. It became a predominant social institution with the enslavement of Hindus, along with the use of slaves in armies for conquest, a long-standing practice within Muslim kingdoms at the time. Slavery in India escalated during the Muslim domination of northern India after the 11th century. Greek writer Megasthenes, in his 4th century BCE work Indika, states that slavery was banned within the Maurya Empire, while the multilingual, mid 3rd Century BCE, Edicts of Ashoka independently identify obligations to slaves (Greek: δούλοις) and hired workers (Greek: μισθωτοῖς), within the same Empire. The early history of slavery in the Indian subcontinent is contested because it depends on the translations of terms such as dasa and dasyu. ![]()
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